英国地区空中交通管理理论体系

First, the British air traffic management system prevailing ills   1 decree is not uniform Air Traffic Control to subordinate superior business management department issued instructions to the Regional Administration of the Civil Aviation Administration of the regional Air Traffic Management Command Post, General Air Traffic therefore need to adopt administrative measures to implement an industry management standards, must pass the Regional Administration release.   (2) Facilities Construction Management is not uniform   ATC's construction business needs planning, project reporting arrangements in the upward step by step process of vetting, the lower air traffic control department of information were two channels through administrative and operational reporting, so that each channel in fact inaccurate information obtained , incomplete. Air traffic control department of the acquired business are just some statistical information, but some of the empty tube very valuable management information can not directly and timely access. In the management system, poor access to information in the case, air traffic control departments at all levels of both air traffic control system is responsible for the safe operation, but also to carry out the industry, which is really contrary to scientific decision-making, decrees unity, unity responsibilities and rights management principles.     3 Investment Management unreasonable State investment in air traffic control, in the actual operation is implemented through administrative mainline. For civil construction fund investment, air traffic control department has only proposed demand planning and investment advice, and have clear investment projects implementation and management of the construction process, and no investment decisions, nor bear the investment risk of liability. Makes some places and department heads no investment risk awareness, high import investment ATC equipment purchase only attention without trying to improve their utilization, resulting in very low investment efficiency. For ATC equipment has been purchased, do not pay attention to management and maintenance, resulting in many ATC equipment reliability and service life greatly reduced, resulting in unnecessary waste of state-owned assets.     4 ATC facilities irrational allocation of resources CAAC unified revenue gains with international flight routes, air traffic control centers each separate statistics on domestic flights settlement route benefits, so the air traffic control center responsible for the management and maintenance of facilities for the civil aviation sector route exists between the revenue route charges allocation problem. And, en-route facilities using natural vested property right way placed under the management and maintenance of the department responsible for the original. For Airway Facilities Maintenance Management department failed to devote sufficient human, material and financial resources to ensure the maintenance of quality and reliability, precision equipment seriously affected the life and health status.     5 airspace division unreasonable route settings do not reflect the principle of economy, airspace utilization is low Since a large number of published and unpublished danger zones, restricted areas, not only the existing civil aviation tortuous route set, does not meet the "minimize flyer miles," the route setting norms and shed route difficult, resulting in a small number of routes to accommodate unreasonably high flight traffic.     6 Jun, civil aviation primitive isolation method When the army special mission aircraft when flying military aircraft designated airspace agreement scheme mostly isolated, sudden flight by military and civil aviation avoid inevitable initial confusion, the latter is often necessary because the use of airspace restrictions for traffic control. And, now the British military, civil aviation standards are different intervals, resulting in a large area of ​​airspace waste.   Second, the British brand of air management system framework    A British air traffic control system features positioning     Air traffic management is to build a modern integrated transport system the UK an important part of civil aviation is safe, efficient and fair operation of the foundation. In the UK integrated transport system, air traffic transport transportation system is the country an important part, as the sustained economic and social development of civil aviation transportation system in the country will continue to increase in the proportion and become long-haul and high-end transport of goods major way. "Bottleneck in the development of civil aviation air traffic control," the British Civil Aviation in the field of air traffic control investment, construction and management level of the industry behind restricting the British Civil Aviation sustainable and rapid development of the main obstacles to British specialties ATC system is to enhance the development and construction of civil foundation The key initiatives of the operation system, can become the core of the British modern transportation projects.     2 British specialties ATC system framework     (1) to change the past, "two main lines, three management" system as the linear system management system. Linear system of air traffic control system changes the business sector must be higher administrative bureau subordinate status of implementation and management of the business sector, the formation of public affairs separate, run integration. CAA Air Traffic Control, regional Air Traffic Control ATC industry management functions and operation of the implementation of separation of functions, the industry functions exercised by Administration and the Regional Authority; CAA Air Traffic Control and the regional Air Traffic Strike business management and operational functions, vertical management, integration operation. Administration and business management to achieve unity.     (2) In the area of ​​responsibility for air traffic management settings management agency. This management system, breaking the previous planned economy under the administration as a link fragmented management structure is conducive to all levels of air traffic control department under the General Administration of the unified deployment, combined with their own jurisdiction empty real business needs formulate development goals, effectively change the past to focus only on airfield facilities, ignoring route facility construction conditions conducive to the rational allocation of route facilities and perfect.     (3) to major national technology and special and included in the national long-term planning and other forms of air traffic control system established British specialty technology platform building goals and direction for state support of national concern, the British national collection of various resources for technical breakthrough.     (4) a mechanism to establish cross-sectoral collaboration platform and strategic partnership between the industry, from the establishment of the system performance requirements (goals), and improve technology policy, science and technology resources available outside the industry to mobilize other aspects of civil aviation technology development to create a new model, and create Aviation broad pattern of development.   Third, the construction of the UK features air management system of policy recommendations 1 military and civilian air control area should be as consistent as possible Resources from the national airspace overall consideration, scientific, unified control zone division, army and air control zone as much as possible to achieve consensus, which is to improve airspace utilization, which will help coordinate military and civil aviation effective way.   (2) a reasonable modification route (routes) structure British route (routes) structure, along with the civil aviation transportation needs evolved form, and its direction by the military airport training airspace restrictions, turning more flight not economic. In recent years, in Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai and other busy areas of the approach and departure routes for the adjustment and optimization, has received good safety and economic benefits. Planning, modifying route (route) to focus on the country's economic benefits, the implementation of the overall planning, so as to shorten the voyage between cities.     3 to establish a unified national traffic management system General and regional levels to implement traffic management systems in the Civil Aviation Administration to establish a national traffic management center, uniform implementation of the country's air traffic flow management; traffic management in the region to establish agencies or seats, according to the National Traffic Management Center requires the implementation of the region's air traffic flow management. Various flight plan approval, flight traffic arrangements, flexible use of airspace as well as en-route flight conflicting temporary adjustment, will flow through a unified management system to achieve. Unified national traffic management systems, will achieve centralized, safe and efficient air traffic control operational objectives play a huge role.     4 Improved control methods Strengthen the ATC infrastructure construction, by changing the existing procedures control methods, automated radar control, to ensure the flight safety of the premise, to increase flight traffic.     5 In the airspace management to be flexible Training airspace in the military airport there is no activity, should be allowed to use civilian aircraft, in order to improve airspace utilization. In airspace management, national policy and coordination of military and civil aviation is very important.     首先，英国空中交通管理系统的普遍弊病   1政令不统一 空中交通管制，服从上级业务管理部门发出指示，民航总局，地区管理局，地区空中交通管理指挥所，一般空气流量，因此需要采取行政措施，实施行业管理标准，必须通过区域管理释放。   （2）设施建设管理不统一   ATC的施工业务需求规划，项目申报安排在向上一步一步的审批过程中，较低的空中交通管制部门的信息是两个渠道，使每个通道其实是不准确的信息，通过行政和业务报告，不完整的。空中交通管制部门的收购业务只是一些统计信息，但一些空管非常有价值的管理信息不能直接和及时获取。在管理体制，信息渠道不畅的情况下，空中交通管制部门，空中交通管制系统各级都负责的安全运行，同时也开展行业，这实在是违背科学决策，政令统一，团结的责任和权限管理原则。     3投资管理不合理 空中交通管制的国家投资，在实际操作中是通过行政主线。民用建筑基金投资，空中交通管制部门提出的需求规划和投资建议，并有明确的投资项目的实施和建设过程中的管理，并没有投资决策，也不承担投资风险的责任。一些地方和部门负责人没有投资风险意识，较高的进口投资ATC设备购置唯一注意的，而试图提高其利用率，导致投资效率非常低。对于空管设备已经购买，不注重管理和维护，导致许多空管设备的可靠性和使用寿命大大降低，造成不必要的浪费，国有资产。     4 ATC设施，资源配置不合理 民航总局统一收益与国际航线，空中交通管制中心，每个单独的统计数据的国内航班结算路线的好处，所以空中交通管制中心负责设施的管理和维护民航部门路线之间存在着收入航路费分配的问题。而且，航路设施采用天然既得产权划归原来的部门负责管理和维护方式。对于航路设施的维护管理部门没有投入足够的人力，物力和财力，以确保维修质量和可靠性，精密设备，严重影响了生活和健康状况。     5空域划分路线设置不合理，不反映经济的原则，空域利用率很低 由于大量发表和未发表的危险区，禁区，不仅现有的民航曲折的路线集，不符合“最小化飞行里程”的路线设置规范和棚路线困难，导致在少数航线以适应不合理的高飞行流量。     6月6日，民航原始隔离法 当军队的特殊使命飞机，军用飞机飞行时指定的空域协议计划大多是孤立的，突发的军事和民用航空飞行避免最初的混乱不可避免的，后者往往是必要的，因为交通管制空域限制使用。而且，现在的英国军用，民用航空标准是不同的时间间隔，导致了大面积的空域浪费。   二，英国品牌的空气管理系统框架 一名英国空中交通管制系统的功能定位     空中交通管理是建立一个现代化的综合交通运输体系，英国民用航空的重要组成部分，是安全，高效和公平运作的基础。在英国综合交通运输体系，是国家空中交通运输系统的重要组成部分，在全国经济社会持续发展的民用航空运输系统的比例将继续加大，并成为长途和高端运输商品主要方式。 “民用航空空中交通控制的发展瓶颈，”英国民用航空空中交通管制的投资，建设和管理水平的行业领域中落后英国民航持续快速发展的主要障碍限制英国特色以提高空管系统的开发和建设土建基础作业系统的关键举措，都可以成为英国的现代交通项目的核心。     2英国特色的ATC系统框架     （1）改变了过去“两条主线，三个管理”系统的线性系统的管理体系。空中交通管制系统的线性系统改变业务部门必须上级行政主管局的业务部门，形成政事分开，运行一体化的实施和管理的从属地位。民航局空管局，地区空管局空管行业管理职能和操作功能，行业行使的职能由政府和各地区管理局，民航局空管局和地区空中交通行使业务管理和运营职能分离的实施，垂直管理，一体化运作。行政和业务管理的统一。     （2）在该地区的空中交通管理设置管理机构的责任。这个管理系统，打破了以往的计划经济体制下的管理为纽带，分散的管理结构，有利于各级空中交通管制部门根据总局的统一部署，结合自己的管辖空实际业务需求制定的发展目标，有效地改变了过去只集中于机场设施，忽略路由设施建设的合理配置路由的设施和完善的有利条件。     （3）国家重大技术特殊和列入国家长远规划和其他形式的空中交通管制系统建立了英国的专业技术平台建设的目标和方向，为全国关注的国家的支持，英国国家收集各种资源技术的突破。     （4）机制，建立跨部门的协作平台和行业之间的战略合作伙伴关系，建立了系统的性能要求（目标），提高技术政策，科学和科技资源外业调动等方面的民间航空技术的发展，以创建一个新的模型，并建立航空广阔的发展格局。   三，施工英国提供空气管理系统的政策建议 1军用和民用空中管制区应尽可能一致 资源从国家空域的整体考虑，科学，统一的控制区划分，军队和空气质素管制区尽可能达成共识，这是提高空域利用率，这将有助于协调军用和民用航空的有效途径。   （2）有合理的修改路由（航线）结构 英国航线（航线）结构，随着民航运输的需求进化形式，其方向由军用机场训练空域的限制，把更多的飞行不是经济。近年来，在北京，广州，上海及其他繁忙地区调整和优化进离场航线，已收到了良好的安全性和经济效益。规划修改路径（路径），专注于国家的经济利益，实施的总体规划，从而缩短了城市之间的航程。     3建立了全国统一的交通管理系统 一般和地区的水平，以实现交通管理系统在民航总局建立一个国家的交通管理中心，该国的空中交通流管理的统一实施;设立机构或席位的区域的交通管理，根据在全国交通管理中心该地区的空中交通流量管理规定执行。各种飞行计划审批，飞行交通安排，灵活使用空域和航路飞行冲突的临时调整，将通过一个统一的管理系统，实现流动。全国统一的交通管理系统，将实现集中，安全，高效的空中交通管制工作目标发挥了巨大的作用。     4改进控制方法 加强空管基础设施建设，通过改变现有的程序的控制方法，自动雷达控制，以确保飞行安全的前提下，增加飞行流量。     在空域管理要灵活 军用机场训练空域没有任何活动，应允许使用民用飞机，以提高空域利用率。在国家政策和协调的军事和民用航空空域管理，是非常重要的。